EFEKTIFITAS MANAJEMEN RISIKO GEOTEKNIK DAN GEOHAZARD DENGAN METODE HYBRID PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI LAUT DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONTRAK FIDIC
Abstract
ABSTRAKProyek konstruksi laut seperti pelabuhan, jetty, dan fasilitas lepas pantai memiliki tingkat risiko tinggi akibat ketidakpastian kondisi geoteknik (seabed instability, soft clay, scouring, submarine landslide) dan faktor geohazard serta cuaca ekstrem. Risiko ini sering memicu keterlambatan, deviasi biaya, dan klaim kontraktual. Kontrak FIDIC mengatur pembagian risiko melalui klausul seperti 4.10 (Site Data), 4.12 (Unforeseeable Conditions), 13 (Variations), 17–19 (Risk & Force Majeure), dan 20 (Claims). Penelitian ini meninjau efektivitas penerapan manajemen risiko berbasis metode hybrid (Waterfall + Agile) pada proyek laut. Metode Waterfall digunakan untuk menjaga baseline kontrak dan kepatuhan FIDIC, sedangkan Agile memberikan fleksibilitas dalam menghadapi perubahan kondisi lapangan. Hasil penelitian diharapkan menghasilkan model konseptual manajemen risiko hybrid yang mampu meminimalisir dampak geoteknik dan geohazard, sekaligus meningkatkan efektivitas mitigasi serta kepastian kontraktual dalam proyek konstruksi laut.
Kata kunci : manajemen risiko, geoteknik, geohazard, konstruksi laut, FIDIC, metode hybrid, Agile, Waterfall
ABSTRACT
Marine construction projects such as ports, jetties, and offshore facilities are characterized by high risks arising from geotechnical uncertainties (seabed instability, soft clay, scouring, submarine landslides), geohazards, and extreme weather conditions. These risks often lead to delays, cost deviations, and contractual claims. The FIDIC contract framework regulates risk allocation through clauses such as 4.10 (Site Data), 4.12 (Unforeseeable Conditions), 13 (Variations), 17–19 (Risk & Force Majeure), and 20 (Claims). This study examines the effectiveness of applying hybrid project risk management (Waterfall + Agile) in marine construction projects. The Waterfall approach ensures compliance with FIDIC provisions and maintains baseline planning, while the Agile approach provides flexibility in adapting to unforeseen geotechnical and environmental conditions. The expected outcome is a conceptual hybrid risk management model that minimizes the impacts of geotechnical and geohazard risks while enhancing mitigation effectiveness and contractual certainty in marine construction projects.
Keyword : risk management, geotechnical risk, geohazard, marine construction, FIDIC, hybrid method, Agile, Waterfall
References
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[2] U.S. Geological Survey, Marine Geohazards: Earthquakes, Submarine Landslides, and Tsunamis. USGS, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.usgs.gov/science/science-explorer/ocean/marine-geohazards
[3] Offshore Wind Consultants (OWC) Ltd., Geohazard Risk Assessment for Offshore Construction. OWC, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://owcltd.com/geoscience/geohazard-risk-assessment/
[4] Wikipedia Contributors, "Marine construction," Wikipedia. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_construction
[5] J. Q. Jiadong, “Predicting clay compressibility for foundation design with unprecedented reliability and safety,” ScienceDirect, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095183202300741X
[6] J. Hance, Submarine Slope Stability, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, 2003. [Online]. Available: https://www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/tap-technical-assessment-program/421ab.pdf
[7] Texas Department of Transportation, Scour Evaluation Guide, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.txdot.gov/content/dam/docs/division/brg/webinar/brg-des-conf-2025/creating-uiseful-scour-documentation.pdf
[8] F. Løvholt, “From process understanding to hazard assessment,” ISFOG 2025, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.issmge.org/uploads/publications/132/133/ISFOG2025-659.pdf
[9] S. H. Shah, “Geotechnical investigation and stabilization of soils,” Frontiers in Earth Science, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2023.1243975/full
[10] Travelers, “Preparing Your Construction Site for Severe Weather,” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.travelers.com/resources/business-industries/construction/preparing-your-construction-site-for-severe-weather
[11] PMBOK® Guide – Project Management Institute, 7th Edition, 2021.
[12] FIDIC Red Book (2017) – Conditions of Contract for Construction, International Federation of Consulting Engineers.
[13] ISO 31000:2018 – Risk Management Guidelines.
[14] Mansour, S., & Suntinger, M. (2025). Agile vs. Waterfall Project Management. Atlassian. Diakses dari https://www.atlassian.com/agile/project-management/project-management-intro
[15] Rewari, V. (2024). Agile vs Waterfall: Risk Management Compared. Optiblack. Diakses dari https://optiblack.com/insights/agile-vs-waterfall-risk-management-compared
[16] Runcie, J. (2024). Risk Management Agile v Waterfall. Project Management Institute. Diakses dari https://pmi-portland.org/news-and-content/675-risk-management-agile-v-waterfall
[17] PMI, "Hybrid Project Management Methodology Adapted to Project Life Cycle and Project Management Strategy," ProjectManagement.com, 16 Sep. 2022.
[18] PMI, "Accelerating Outcomes with a Hybrid Approach within a Waterfall Environment," Project Management Institute, 2023.
[19] PMI, "Making Hybrid Project Management Work: Agile and Waterfall Combined," Project Management Academy, 2025.
[20] J. Yonggang, C. Zhu, L. Liping, and D. Wang, “Marine Geohazards: Review and Future Perspective”, *Acta Geologica Sinica*, vol. 90, no. 4, pp. 1455–1470, 2016, doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12779.
[21] C. Zhu, “Marine geohazards: Past, present, and future”, *Marine Geology*, 2023.
[22] G. Hui et al., “A review of geohazards on the northern continental margin”, 2021.
[23] I. C. Cardenas, R. Flage, and T. Aven, “Marine geohazards exposed: Uncertainties involved”, *Marine Georesources & Geotechnology*, vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 589-619, 2023, doi:10.1080/1064119X.2022.2078252.
[24] J. J. Hance, *Submarine Slope Stability*, Offshore Technology Research Center / University of Texas, 2003.
[25] European Marine Board, “Marine Geohazards”, 2021.
[26] J. M. R. Camargo et al., “Marine Geohazards: A Bibliometric-Based Review”, *Geosciences*, vol. 9, no. 2, 2019.
[27] “Submarine landslides: processes, triggers and hazard prediction”, *Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A*, 2006.
[28] U. ten Brink, B. D. Andrews, and N. C. Miller, “Seismicity and sedimentation rate effects on submarine slope stability”, *Geology*, vol. 44, no. 7, 2016.
[29] S. Kawasaki, A. Hara, T. Kozawa, H. Tanaka, and S. Lee, “Geohazard Risk Evaluation and Mapping Using 3D High-Resolution Seismic in Coastal / Near-Surface Zones”, in *Proc. 6th Asia Pacific Meeting on Near Surface Geoscience & Engineering*, 2024.
[30] Atlassian, “Agile vs. waterfall project management,” Atlassian.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.atlassian.com/agile/project-management/project-management-intro. [Accessed: Sep. 28, 2025].
[31] Adobe, “Agile vs. Waterfall Methodology in Project Management,” Business.Adobe.com. [Online]. Available: https://business.adobe.com/blog/basics/agile-vs-waterfall-project-management. [Accessed: Sep. 28, 2025].
[32] GeeksforGeeks, “Agile vs Waterfall Project Management,” GeeksforGeeks.org. [Online]. Available: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering/agile-vs-waterfall/. [Accessed: Sep. 28, 2025].
[33] Howard Kennedy, “FIDIC 1999 Books – Commentary on Clause 17 (Risk and Responsibility),” HowardKennedy.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.howardkennedy.com/latest/article/fidic-1999-books-commentary-on-clause-17. [Accessed: Sep. 28, 2025].
[34] International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC), Risk Management – A Short Guide. [Online]. Available: https://fidic.org/books/risk-management-short-guide. [Accessed: Sep. 28, 2025].
[36] Y. J. Zhao and L. Zhou, “The Analysis of Contractor’s Risk Clause Based on the FIDIC Construction Contract,” Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 687–691, pp. 4815–4819, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.scientific.net/AMM.687-691.4815. [Accessed: Sep. 28, 2025].
Published
2025-11-28
How to Cite
YURISTIARY, Yelna.
EFEKTIFITAS MANAJEMEN RISIKO GEOTEKNIK DAN GEOHAZARD DENGAN METODE HYBRID PADA PROYEK KONSTRUKSI LAUT DENGAN PENDEKATAN KONTRAK FIDIC.
SIGMA TEKNIKA, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, p. 397-411, nov. 2025.
ISSN 2599-0616.
Available at: <https://journal.unrika.ac.id/index.php/sigmateknika/article/view/8397>. Date accessed: 11 feb. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.33373/sigmateknika.v8i2.8397.
Section
Civil Engineering
Keywords
manajemen risiko, geoteknik, geohazard, konstruksi laut, FIDIC, metode hybrid, Agile, Waterfall
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